George Bush Congress and 9/11 - 1290 Words

The start of the 21st century brought on new challenges and new obstacles that America was unfamiliar with at the time. A controversial decade was about to unravel with the presidency of George W. Bush. A decade filled with controversy, from the election of Bush and well off into the ending of his presidency. The presidency saw significant changes in which the role of the president was to wield power in times of peril. In this time, saw the role of congress diminish, while on contrary expanding the power of the executive. Following the events of September 11th, 2001, which change the setting of the presidency and congressional relationship.By means of manipulation, deceiving, bypassing congress, and using the crisis of September 11th†¦show more content†¦As stated before, September 11th changed the setting of the presidency and congress, during this time. The patriot act enacted by congress, took the attitudes that have emerge from the attacks of September 11th and in cooper ated these attitudes into the patriot act. â€Å"The enactment of this law gave George Bush full discretion and with the resolutions provide by congress, that the president can use power that is necessary and proper to wield power without repercussions from congress.†(Taylor Jr, 2006) Congress in essence, gave its authority to check the president away and allow the president to lead without a check from congress. Using the momentum of September 11th attack and the passing of the resolutions and the patriot act, Bush was able to bring Democrats and Republicans together. Bush was able to form alliances between the two parties and address other germane issues. Such as passing â€Å"Education reform and Tax cuts.†(Dubay, 2009) Such as the no child left behind, which was in theory a bi-partisan bill that was passed by both houses. And, tax cuts that include Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, as well as the controversial estate cuts, which lowered taxes for the upper class, who owned a significant amount of wealth. That being stated, this directly leads to my analysis. And address this issue. George Bush presidency saw the great expansion of the executives’ role inShow MoreRelatedGeorge W1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿George W. Bush September 20, 2011 Address to Congress On September 11, 2001 the American nation was shaken with news of a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center towers in New York City. Fear and panic commandeered the spirits of American citizens as they awaited to hear if their loved one had perished, if another attack had been planned for somewhere else in the United States, and how their nation would rise from the ashes to face another tomorrow. Not only had their nation been attacked, butRead MoreEssay about The War on Terror1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe attacks of 9/11 have reshaped and changed the way how Americans live today, forever. Never before such shock and terror has been felt by anyone on the American soil. On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorist extremists hijacked four commercial planes, the planes deviated from their original routes. Two of the planes crashed into the Twin Towers in New York, one of the planes crashed into the Pentagon and the fourth plane crashed en route to either the White House or the CapitolRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Francis Moore s The Columbine High School Massacre 1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevents of the Columbine high school massacre is what put him on the map. Bowling for Columbine won the Academy Award for Documentary feature in 2002. His notable films also include Fahrenheit 9/11, the highest-grossing documentary of all time that presents a contentious view on the presidency of George W. Bush. His latest documentary, Where to Invade Next, premiered in the US on October 2, 2015. Apparent in all his films, Moore is unafraid to make use of entertainment to discuss political, economicRead MoreAnalysis Of Bush 9 / 11 Speech826 Words   |  4 PagesBush 9/11 Speech Analysis Just nine days after the attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush delivered an address to Congress, which was nationally televised, declaring war on terrorism. In order to console the United States in the wake of one of the darkest events in modern history and gain support for the approaching war, President Bush uses emotional, logical, and ethical appeals. Bush employs connotative diction and imagery to create pathos, consequently achieving his goal ofRead MoreU.s. National Security Efforts And Defending The Nation Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bush and Obama administrations have been devoted to U.S. national security efforts and defending the nation. During the Republican Bush administration, 9/11 was both a significant terrorist attack and also a significant event during Bush’s time as president. The group behind 9/11 was a terrorist organization named al-Qaeda, lead by Osama bin Laden. Founded on August 18th 1988, al-Qaeda is a group of Islamic extremists who call for the the creation of caliphate or an Islamic state. 9/11 wasRead MoreEssay on Department of Homeland Security1561 Words   |  7 Pagesstared and watched as the first and then second tower of the World Trade Center in New York came under attack by terrorists. At 8:46 am, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower. At 9:03 am, the South Tower was struck by another airliner. These were the first two of four terrorist attacks to occur on the fateful September day. At 9:37 am, the third plane would fly into the Pentagon. At 10:03 am, the final terrorist attack was thwarted as passenger of United Airlines Flight 93 took backRead MorePresidential P owers: A Comparsion of Predencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama1042 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Richard Neustadt stated in his book Presidential Power that â€Å"Presidential power is the power to persuade.†(Neustadt, pg.11) Persuasion and bargaining are techniques that presidents can use to influence policy. Neustadt explains how persuasion can help a president get laws passed and to get favorable public opinion.Neustadt explains that bargaining is important in order to influence other politicians in Congress and inside of the executiveRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of George W. Bush s Speech1364 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis: 9/11 Address to the Nation When reading and watching our former president George W. Bush’s 9/11 Address to the Nation I found the speech to be ineffective. George W. Bush was president at the time of the 9/11 attacks, his speech started and ended efficiently with the appeal to pathos. Though its lack of logos overlooked this and made his speech unsuccessful. This essay will examine the President’s use of rhetorical appeals and how his speech was made for failure. In George W. Bush’s speechRead MorePresidential Power : The United States1097 Words   |  5 Pagesyear both parties are becoming more partisan. When the parties do this it creates a gridlock and this makes it hard for anything to get done in Washington. Congress has always been there to keep the president in check and make sure he is not overstepping his boundaries. However presidents often find ways to â€Å"get around† going to congress for approval. These sneaky actions by our presidents has created a lot of tension in Washington and is why Presidential Power is such a hot button issue. PresidentsRead MoreThe Vietnam War and the War on Terror1833 Words   |  7 Pagesto use their military, diplomatic, and executive powers more freely and face a lesser degree of opposition than is the norm. Similarly, Congress is noticeably more productive and works well with the president and their co-legislators during such circumstances. This phenomenon was observed in the early stages of the War on Terror following the events of September 11, 2001 as well as during the Vietnam War. In this research paper several factors will be considered in comparing the powers of the presidency

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay - 737 Words

Affirmative Action For many years, people have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and continues to play a vital and important role in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since its conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more harmful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had not been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment rate would be much higher. Like any program, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look ones credentials and hires people solely on the†¦show more content†¦Taking Affirmative Action away from minorities would be equivalent to setting the African American race back a hundred years. At the same time, using Affirmative Action as a crutch as opposed to a stepping stone, will also aid in the decli ne of minorities, in the work force and everywhere else. In the United States, promoting diversity in the workplace is becoming virtually impossible. Laws such as Tile VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the fourteenth Amendments were both created to protect the American people from discrimination on the grounds of race, creed, religion, sex and color. However; Affirmative Action was created to encourage diversity on the basis of race, creed and color. The real problem is created, when job employers do not apply enough strict scrutiny to the hiring process. The lack of strict scrutiny being applied to the hiring process makes it easy for an employer to cross the thin line between discrimination and equality. What I mean by this is, when an employer decides that he or she needs to create a more diverse working environment, the employer may tend to hire a person, strictly on the basis of color and not so much on their merit and ability to handle the job at hand. Unless an employer can prove that the person he or she has hired is more qualified for the position than one of the applicants that was turned down, then he or she is liable to be faced with a case of reverse discrimination. If we take a look at TitleShow MoreRelated Affirmative Action Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the United States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1965, President Linden B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors to undertake affirmative action toRead More Affirmative Action Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action is defined by Websters New World College Dictionary as a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups. The phrase affirmative action was coined by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925, initiating the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. This order required federal contractors toRead More Affirmative Action is Not the Answer Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesAffir mative Action is Not the Answer      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Created in the 1960s, affirmative action programs attempted to undo past racial discrimination by giving preference to blacks and other minorities.   The idea behind these programs was to help minorities gain the representation in the job market that paralleled their percentage of the population (Finley 1).   Unfortunately, affirmative action has mutated into a thirty-year-old policy that places many underqualified minoritiesRead More Affirmative Action Is the Wrong Action Essays1708 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action Is the Wrong Action The United States of America has long been a country divided by race. Hate has pervaded her existence since her conception, and now today’s society is forced to deal with those issues. Minorities have suffered at the hands of the white male majority for centuries as the social activities of the old war were brought to the new colonies, only to ferment and continue to affect the lives of all who lived within her borders. There is no doubting that thisRead MoreEssay on History and Opinions on the Policy of Affirmative Action1725 Words   |  7 Pages Racism is a problem that is older than the country we live in. Since the beginning of time racism, prejudice, and discrimination has existed. Through the years, society has come a long way in dealing with this everlasting problem; however, the problem still lives in todays world. It affects who we are and where we will go in our life. So if racism can so dramatically alter our life, one might question what can be done to cease this unfair practice? One solution, or rather method to equal out theRead MoreLegal Aspect of Affirmative Action Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action programs are often misunderstood. Each person has their own idea of what affirmative action really entails. This paper will provide an overview of the legal aspect of affirmative action. The differences between affirmative action programs and equal opportunity legislation will be explained. The positive arguments will be presented along with the negative arguments. The affects affirmative action has on the society of the United States will be analyzed. Finally the reactionsRead More The Ineffectiveness of Affirmative Action in Establishing Diversity1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ineffectiveness of Affirmative Action in Establishing Diversity People generally agree that diversity is beneficial to college campuses. In 1978, in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court decided that race could be used as a factor in deciding college admissions - setting a precedent for the use of affirmative action (Lane A1). Justice Lewis Powell, who belonged to the majority opinion, cited diversity as the primary reason behind his decision. He acknowledgedRead More Affirmitive Action Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pages Affirmative Action is the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. The principal goal of Affirmative Action is to create more diversity and equal opportunities in jobs or schools that used to be all or mostly male, white, or both. Affirmative Action programs have been in place only a little over thirty years. Affirmative action works. There are thousands of examples of situations whereRead MoreAffirmative Action- Negative Team1486 Words   |  6 PagesModule 03: Group Position Paper: Affirmative Action Affirmative Action: Negative Team 1 Diversity in the Workplace Professor Linda Noeth Center for Distance Learning SUNY Empire State College Slavery in America can be traced all the way back to colonial times, or as historians have dated; 1619. Although slavery had technically been abolished by the late 1800’s, issues over race still remained prominent. Regulations such as â€Å"Jim Crow Laws†, that claimedRead MoreAffirmative Action vs Reverse Discrimination Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action or Reverse Discrimination Colleen Koehn Business Law 1038 Instructor Jackie Sexson March 1, 2010 South University Online There has been a large debate in recent years if affirmative action has gone against the American way, has affirmative action caused reverse discrimination? The establishment of affirmative action was put into place to create equal rights for racial minorities, ethnic minorities, women, the physically disabled and those who served in the military

Analysis of Singapore airlines on various factors

Question: Write a report about the Singapore Airlines. Answer: Company Background Singapore Airlines is the most awarded 5 star standard carrier in Singapore and a subsidiary of the Singapore Government. The airline company is primarily based at Changi International Airport and is among the members of the IATA bearing the designation SQ 3 digit code numbered 618 as well as ICAO with (ICAO title SIA). The Singapore Airline carries out its operations worldwide and offers flight services to more than 45 nations and across 94 destinations across the globe. Singapore Airlines is publicly listed on the SGX and is considered one of the largest carriers in the world in terms of market capitalization that amounts to SGD 11.6 billion. The company operates more than 102 aircrafts having an average fleet age of approximately 7 years ("Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website", 2016). Geographic Segments: The geographic segments of the company include the East Asia, South West pacific, Europe, Non-scheduled services as well as incidental, West Asia and Africa and the America. Figure 1: Geographic Segments Source: ("Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website", 2016) Nature of business: Singapore Airlines established itself as the flag carrier of Singapores and thereafter inherited MSAs intercontinental route system that connected more than 20 airports located in 18 different destinations. These destinations include the Europe, Australia, various parts of the Middle East as well as other parts South in addition to different destinations of Southeast as well as North Asia. Different facets of the services of the SIAs comprises of offering for diverse range of preference of meals especially for the economy-class passengers , complimentary drinks as well as headphone sets that were essentially business-class privileges that many others airlines also tender to the passengers. Therefore, the management of SIA has focussed its strategy of differentiating itself by means of implementation of enhanced services and for that the company has invested profusely for service innovations as well as in-flight assistances. In addition to this, SIA has also introduced seven new schoo ls in order to educate and staff in the serviceable areas of the cabin crew, flight functions, business-related schooling, information technology, safety measures, airport services as well as engineering for the purpose of development of service culture ("Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website", 2016). PESTEL analysis of Singapore Airlines As rightly put forward by Chernev (2012), PESTEL analysis provides a framework or else a tool that the marketers can utilize for the purpose of analysis as well as evaluation of the macro factors of the environment particularly the external marketing environment in which the company operates. This particular analysis also helps in the detection of the threats as well as the weaknesses of the business operation that in turn can be used in carrying out a SWOT analysis (Clow Baack, 2012). PoliticalThe political factors exert immense influence on the overall, external business environment of the corporation Singapore Airlines. This primarily refers to different government policies that include the extent of intervention into the specific economy (Dahlstrom, 2011). For example, the Singapore Airlines has withdrawn the bid for acquiring a stake in the Air India by handling a severe blow to the privatisation blow of the Indian Government. This also has become a political barrier for the operations of the company ("Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website", 2016). Economic The economic factors of the business environment generally refer to the rate of interest, taxation policies as well as foreign exchange rates (Kotabe Helsen, 2010). The primary economic factors that affect the business environment of Singapore Airlines include the emerging markets of Asia as well as the strengthening SGD (Singapore Dollar) in comparison to different foreign currencies. gain, the company offered to acquire a stake in the China Eastern Airlines against 7.3 billion Hong Kong Dollars that posed several challenge as a chief shareholder criticized the entire business deal On the other hand, the global demand is still slow-moving that exerts immense on the economic environment of the business concern (Kotabe Helsen, 2010). Apart from this, the stabilization of the fuel costs primarily in the short is also supposed to affect the business environment of the Singapore Airlines. Furthermore, the volatility of prices of fuel in the long run also influences the economic scenari o of the aviation industry and consequently influences the operations of Singapore Airlines. Social The social factors that influence the social environment of the Singapore Airlines include the altering preferences of the consumers (Kotabe Helsen, 2011). The company therefore needs to keep a close eye on the changing trends of the tastes and the preferences of the consumers in order to make the products and the services of the company more customer centric (Kotler Keller, 2012). Apart from this, there is increase in the disposable income of the consumers that in turn implies greater purchasing power of the consumers. Technological The technological factors include the attainment of the fuel efficiency for achieving the overall effectual way of carrying out the operations of the corporation (Marshall Johnston, 2014). Again, the engineering department of the Singapore Airlines focuses on the repairs as well as maintenance that is considered to be largely out of the hands of the company. The Singapore Airlines is also considered the first carrier that installed the productivity suite to serve the interests of the passengers who can work on board without the need of providing power to the laptops. The company also deploys Sun a particular micro system that essentially powers the productivity suite in the flight ("Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website", 2016). Environmental The analysis of the environmental factors reveals the fact that the general public of Australia expects Singapore Airlines to be very much socially responsible and take steps towards reduction of the carbon footprints. Again, the weather as well as the seasons also affects the operation of the carrier (Clow Baack, 2012). The company therefore makes use of cleaners as well as greener aircrafts in order to carry out sustainable operations. Legal The regulatory changes also affect the business operations of Singapore Airlines especially the chinas aviation regulator boosts the private airlines operating in the airline industry. In addition to this, there are several investment limitations as a government body. In addition to this, the company abides by the Fair Trading Law, Consumer Law, Natural Environmental law and the Five Freedoms of Air (special license to travel to various destinations) (Paliwoda, Andrews, Chen, 2012). Figure 2: PESTEL Analysis Source: (Paliwoda, Andrews, Chen, 2012) Porters Five Forces Analysis of Singapore Airlines The Porters Five Forces Analysis is essentially a significant framework or structure that attempts to critically evaluate the degree of competition in a particular industry and thereby helps in the strategy development of the business (Paliwoda, Andrews, Chen, 2012). Therefore, the model of Porters Five Force Analysis helps to recognize the effect of different factors on the operations of the corporation and the way the company can tender its service to the customers and earn profits (Ramachandra, Chandrashekara, Shivakumar, 2010). The current section examines the five different factors of the Porters Five Forces with special reference to the operations of Singapore Airlines. Industry Rivalry The critical assessment of the intensity of rivalry reveals the fact that Singapore Airline might face in the aviation sector discloses the fact that there are full service airlines in the market that operate in niche markets. Again, there also exist price wars among different competing airlines (Ramachandra, Chandrashekara, Shivakumar, 2010). As per the detailed analysis of this factor, it can be hereby inferred that the intensity of rivalry in the market of Singapore Airlines is moderate. Potential New Entrants The analysis of the potential entrants in the market of Singapore Airlines operating discloses the fact that the threat of probable new entrants in the aviation sector is relatively weak. This is primarily because the industry requires huge amount of capital outlay and the market is fairly saturated. Apart from this, there is high congestion in the significant airports and more importantly the government carriers enjoy greater advantages of business operations. Furthermore, it is also difficult for other carriers to enter the market owing to different economic factors (Reid Bojanic, 2014). There are also increasingly challenges in acquiring airport slots as Singapore has only one airport. Nevertheless, the huge cost of operation as well as different political factors also creates barriers for entry to the new players. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is one of the most important factors of the Porters Five Forces Analysis. The critical evaluation of the factor reflects the fact that the threat of substitute in case of Singapore Airlines is moderate. The threat of substitution in case of SIA is moderate as there are many low cost carriers operating in the aviation industry and there is provision of very high speed railway services (Shaw, 2011). Besides this, there are advanced communication technologies that can pose the threat of substitution to the carrier services of Singapore Airlines. Bargaining Power of the Purchasers The bargaining power of the purchasers of Singapore Airlines is also moderate as the cost of switching to different airline is quite low. The management of the company Singapore Airlines has also introduced different loyalty reward programs that has increased the customer loyalty and helped the company to retain more consumers (Shaw, 2011). Besides this, the internet also enables consumers to compare the prices of the services offered by different companies and choose the airlines of their choice (Sheehan, 2011). Bargaining Power of the Suppliers The critical evaluation of the level of competition also analyses the bargaining power of the suppliers of Singapore Airlines. The analysis reveals the fact that the bargaining power of the suppliers of the company is quite strong owing to the fact that there is effectual duopoly of different Boeing as well as Airbus for various planes. Again, there s uncontrollable cost of fuel that raises the power of the suppliers (Sherlekar Gordon, 2010). Figure 3: PORTERS" FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS OF SINGAPORE AIRLINES Source: (Sheehan, 2011) Strategic Recommendations A detailed analysis of the business operations of the Singapore Airlines helps in gathering adequate information that in turn can help in framing different strategic options of the company (Venugopal, 2010). The strategic management of the company can employ both the Ansoffs Matrix as well as Porters generic strategies to implement different alternative procedures of developing the growth strategy. Diversification Strategy: The management of Singapore Airlines can consider introducing a brand transit hotel managed by the airline. This can be considered as a very good chance for the carrier to endorse an all-inclusive package to the travellers. Therefore, this strategy can help the airline to differentiate its offerings in a market that poses stiff competition in the saturated market of Airline industry. Market Penetration: The management of Singapore Airline can consider penetrating new markets. This particular airline carries out its operations in Africa and can target mostly the leisure passengers. The company can also consider introduction of a family package that is all inclusive in its offerings. The management of the company might also consider entering into a partnership with another company that can offer different safaris, facilities of camping as well as other facilities that include accommodation and food (Winer Dhar, 2011). Niche Market: The management of the Singapore Airlines can take into consideration the use of airbuses that can serve as the banquet halls. This space can have the capacity of holding around 160 to 250 passengers. This can help the company to target a niche market that is essentially people who can conduct conferences and other events in flights. This in flight events as well as conferences can be regarded as an innovative idea that can save both the time and the money of the passengers. Product development: The management of the Singapore Airlines can consider segmentation of the market properly in order to develop the services of the company according to the needs of the target segment of the consumers (Kotler Keller, 2012). The market essentially consists of different types of consumers, products as well as needs. Therefore, the marketer can determine the target segments appropriately to offer the suitable opportunities. The customers of the airline can be categorised into different sections and thereafter served in different ways depending on the demographic, geographic as well as behavioural facets of the segments. Conclusion The above study presents a detailed analysis of the external business environment of the Singapore Airlines in order to understand the effects of the different factors on the business operations of the firm. This critical of the external business environment of Singapore Airlines helps in acquiring a deep insight into the different political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal factors that influences the effective functioning of the corporation. Thereafter, the present study also elucidates in detail the Porters Five Forces analysis in order to gain to gain comprehensive understanding regarding the level of competition in the market of the airline industry and assesses all the five factors that helps in understanding the competitive position of the company. In the end, the current study also presents strategic recommendations with reference to the Ansoffs Matrix based on the challenges identified using the PESTEL analysis and the Porters Five Forces Model . References Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Dahlstrom, R. (2011).Green marketing management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western / Cengage Learning. Kotabe, M. Helsen, K. (2010).Global marketing management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kotabe, M. Helsen, K. (2011).Global marketing management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Marshall, G. Johnston, M.Marketing management.(2014) Paliwoda, S., Andrews, T., Chen, J. (2012).Marketing management in Asia. New York: Routledge. Ramachandra, K., Chandrashekara, B., Shivakumar, S. (2010).Marketing management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Reid, R. Bojanic, D.(2014)Hospitality marketing management. Shaw, S. (2011).Airline marketing and management. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. Sheehan, B. (2011).Marketing management. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Pub. Sherlekar, S. Gordon, E. (2010).Marketing management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Venugopal, P. (2010).Marketing management. New Delhi, India: Response Books. Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website. (2016).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016, Winer, R. Dhar, R. (2011).Marketing management. Boston: Prentice Hall.

The Existence Of God Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Existence Of God Essay, Research Paper Outline: Rational statements refering the being of God are rather intriguing since they try to set up the being of the `Wholly Other # 8217 ; from things we see every twenty-four hours and from known properties that we fasten to God. The first portion of essay discusses whether we can make this through the `just about ageless procedures # 8217 ; of initiation and tax write-off. It presents a `general # 8217 ; theists definition of God and looks at the a posteriori and a priori statements which arise from this definition before traveling onto a critical scrutiny of the rational procedures of initiation and tax write-off. This is followed by the issues raised by atheists in visible radiation of the inadequacy of rational statements for God # 8217 ; s being. The 2nd portion of the essay involves a presentation and rating of the, ontological, cosmogonic, and teleological statements ; statements which are implied in the theist # 8217 ; s general definition of God and which the theist claims as equal illations to turn out the being of the `Wholly Other # 8217 ; . We will write a custom essay sample on The Existence Of God Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction: Last century Thomas Huxley ( 1825-1895 ) remarked that `not a lone job nowadayss itself to the philosophical theist at the present twenty-four hours which has non existed from the clip that philosophers began to believe out the logical evidences and the logical effects of Theism. The fact that the belief in God # 8217 ; s being had withstood repeated assaults during so many ages in the yesteryear is the best warrant of its permanence in the hereafter # 8217 ; . 1 Today this last illation can non be advanced with every bit much assurance sing that `postmodernism # 8217 ; is described as `rejecting teleology # 8217 ; , `denying ontology # 8217 ; and as disputing `the rationalistic thought of the detecting truth by pure reason. # 8217 ; 2 However, Christians still pull on the statements of `philosophical theism # 8217 ; chiefly in excusatory treatment with skeptics. Normally, keeping to the impression that truths about God either can non be established nor falsified by natural ground or like Thomas Aquinas that `the being of God and other like truths about God, which can be known by naturalreason are non articles of religion, but preambles to articles of faith. # 8217 ; 3 Purpose of this Essay: This essay discusses whether the being of God can be proven by manner of the rational statements implied in a general definition of theism. And evaluates these statements in visible radiation of this definition, since theists largely restrict their premises to the features of God as stated in the definition. Of class this presumes an understanding on God # 8217 ; s features and besides suggests a certain disk shape between the definition and the rating. But disk shape tends to be the nature of bad statements about God, since in some sense the statements presuppose the features of God by looking for them in what they investigate.4 Can the Existence of God be Proven? General definition of theism and the statements for God # 8217 ; s being: `Theism is the position that all limited, or finite, things, though to the full existent in their ain right, are dependent on some manner, yet distinguishable from, one supreme or ultimate being, of which 1 may besides talk in personal footings. And this being is called God, who is regarded as beyond human comprehension, perfect, and self-sustained but besides particularly involved in the universe and its events. # 8217 ; 5 This definition is given in two propositions. The first affirms a dependent relationship holds between two or more objects, those which are finite, material and self-conscious and that which is absolute and personal. Pailin describes this relationship as `contingent being # 8217 ; or `a manner of being which belongs to an object that happens to be but whose non-existence is coherently imaginable # 8217 ; and whose being is dependent on factors beyond it.6 It is from this experience of `contingent being # 8217 ; in the existence that `theists # 8217 ; either deduce `something # 8217 ; which is the initial cause of everything finite and hence absolute or deduce `something # 8217 ; which is the concluding cause of everything finite and hence personal or intelligent. The 2nd proposition calls this `something # 8217 ; God and affirms that God has certain belongingss or features, viz. , that God is beyond human comprehension, perfect, and both self-sustained and involved in the universe. From certain of these belongingss or predicates the theist deduces God # 8217 ; s being and can make so `a priori # 8217 ; , without mention to the universe or personal feeling: since the thought of God # 8217 ; s being is contained in the predicates themselves, i.e.`the thought of a `perfect being # 8217 ; contains the impression of existent being # 8217 ; . The Burden of Proof: Harmonizing to rule that `the load of cogent evidence prevarications with person who takes a positive place on an issue, # 8217 ; 7 it is up to the theist to supply the sufficient grounds or the negative place of the sceptic prevails. The inquiry of whether initiation and tax write-off provide sufficient grounds for `God # 8217 ; s being # 8217 ; needs to be dealt with on two degrees. The first degree relates to the adequateness of initiation and tax write-off as a vehicle for truth and is linked to the inquiry `Can the being of God be proven? # 8217 ; . The 2nd relates to the uniformity and soundness of the theist # 8217 ; s claim: whether the premises are certain or whether expostulations to the theists claims are valid. This is linked to the rating of the statements. Is Induction an equal vehicle for truth? : The basic rule of initiation can be stated as `if your informations consists of grounds that a series of objects of some sort has some belongings or characteristic and you know of no object of that sort that does non hold that belongings, so conclude that all objects of that sort have that property. # 8217 ; 8 Ideally the forms in the grounds will give us beliefs about the universe that we can hold assurance in and from which we can deduce God # 8217 ; s being. For illustration: A series of non-sentient existences has the feature of order I have non seen methodicalness and excellence that does non hold the belongings of design : The presence of a design indicates the presence of a interior decorator. But initiation is non without its jobs. First, `the value of the grounds which supports the decision can be discredited by the production of a individual contrary instance. # 8217 ; 9 A job which besides applies to those statements where the universal has been inferred from observation, such as the following `first cause # 8217 ; argument:10 Every event has a cause So there is something that is the first cause : Sol there is a God. Can we believe of cases where some event does non hold a cause or where order is non apparent in the universe? 11 And even if no cases can be found does this prove that there is a `Designer # 8217 ; or a `First Cause # 8217 ; ? This latter inquiry is a major expostulation to the causal arguments claiming God # 8217 ; s existence.12 In some respects the first inquiry relates to a 2nd expostulation raised by David Hume. Hume believed that in `causal concluding about affairs of fact # 8217 ; there is no necessary connexion between cause and consequence alternatively the thought of a necessary connexion is derived from an internal thought and misidentify for something nonsubjective. `It is a belief that exits in our heads non in the objects. # 8217 ; 13 Morton describes it like this: Knowledge of correlativity is all that is needed to set up decisions about cause and consequence Many of our beliefs are about cause and consequence Therefore: Many of our beliefs are based merely on inductive logical thinking. 14 A 3rd job is raised by `Goodman # 8217 ; s perplex # 8217 ; and is related to the pick of constructs, footings and belongingss which describe informations and formulate generalisations.15 Harmonizing to Goodman the verification of `predictions` , i.e. `Every event in the yesteryear had a cause so every event in the hereafter will hold a cause # 8217 ; can be defined in footings of past success by appropriately inventing a `strange predicate # 8217 ; . This means that anything can be made to conform to anything else.16 These jobs at best throw uncertainty on initiation as a trusty vehicle for truth. They tend to reason that initiation is merely every bit good as its experimental informations yet true information does non needfully vouch a true decision and that initiation is no more than a belief which at times can be manipulated. Is Deduction an equal vehicle for truth? : Tax write-off argues from `the more cognizable in its ain nature # 8217 ; ; the simpler rules implied in the facts to `the more familiar to us ; extremely complex facts:17 from the general to the particular, and come in the signifier of syllogisms. For illustration: Premise: All As are Bs God is perfect Premise: All Bs are Cs Perfect implies being Decision: All As are Cs God exists Aristotle defines `syllogism # 8217 ; as `a discourse wherein certain things ( six. the premises ) being admitted, something else, different from what has been admitted, follows of necessity because the admittances are what they are. # 8217 ; 18 The last clause points to the all important thing in an illation ; that the decision should be proved or demonstrated. In other words, we may already cognize `God exists # 8217 ; ; but to cognize why this is true a `middle term # 8217 ; has to be found to link the truth `God exists # 8217 ; with the less complex truths which appears as the premises from which `God being # 8217 ; is draw. The in-between term as we can see from the illustrations above is the thought of `perfection # 8217 ; or `B # 8217 ; , which must be taken universally at least one time in the premises. The strength of tax write-off as a vehicle for truth sing statements for God # 8217 ; s being can be considered on two degrees: The first is apparent from the treatment above and involves formal construction and true premises, and can be stated as `a deductive statement is sound with regard to the significance of its words if merely true sentences are derivable under the illation regulations from premises which are themselves all true. # 8217 ; 19 The other degree concerns jobs of epistemology. For illustration, `How have we come by our cognition that `God is perfect # 8217 ; ? # 8217 ; Theists who rely on tax write-off see it an analytic truth apprehended intuitively ; an thought. Aristotle on the other manus, would see `perfection # 8217 ; to be known to us as a consequence of induction.20 Aquinas, sees `perfection # 8217 ; as being indirectly and analogically deduced from creation.21 One more job concerns the footings that figure in the premises. For illustration the term `perfect` . Is it bespeaking something that exists or non and in what manner is it related to the existent universe? Immanuel Kant gives heed to this issue with respects to Anslem # 8217 ; s tax write-off sing God # 8217 ; s being. Kant believes that Anselm confuses `the order of things with order of thoughts # 8217 ; when he tries to set up the experiential proposition `God exists # 8217 ; , on the footing of an `idea # 8217 ; of perfection.22 All told these issues tend to convey the `feeling # 8217 ; that the strength of deductive logical thinking as a vehicle of truth is correlated to the prejudice of your presuppositions ; whether you are an dreamer, a realist, a nominalist or an empiricist. This is inclined to open the door for the `atheists # 8217 ; . Are Atheists # 8217 ; expostulations valid? : Alvin Plantinga takes issue with atheists who hold that `a individual who believed without sufficient grounds that there are an even figure of ducks would be believing unwisely or irrationally ; the same goes for the individual who believes in God without sufficient grounds # 8217 ; . Consequently this individual has either violated an rational or cognitive responsibility of some kind, is someway intellectually flawed or disfigured, or believes as a affair of wish-fulfilment. 23 Plantinga # 8217 ; s rejoiner is to mention to the impression of a individual # 8217 ; s presuppositions. `What you take to be ratio nal depends upon your metaphysical and spiritual stance. Your position as to what kind of animal a human being is will find, in whole or in portion, your positions as to what is rational or irrational for human existences to believe in.’ 24 At a glimpse the push of Plantinga’s rejoiner seems to be reduced to the undermentioned statements: 1 ) If you believe that God exists so your belief that God exists is justified. 2 ) If you believe that God does non be so your belief in God # 8217 ; s non-existence is justified. But Plantinga ties to measure up the first statement as the better place. Consequently, the atheist may prefer it if people didn # 8217 ; t believe in God without sufficient grounds but it is more sensible to believe in God since our cognitive equipment maps decently when it functions in the manner God designed it to function.25 This seems to bespeak that theism is rationally acceptable merely if you believe that theism is rationally acceptable. Possibly this best indicates where many claims to objective truth base in this present `existentialist # 8217 ; coevals. Measure the assorted sorts of statements advanced for the being of God. The Ontological Argument: This statement aims to infer the being of God from a construct or thought of God. It maintains that a proper thought of God entails that it is paradoxical to keep that God does non be. The most famed statements are by Anslem, Descarte, Leibniz and Hartshorne. Two are presented below. Anslem: ( 11th. cent ) God is that that which no greater can be thought Being is greater than non-existence : Supreme being exists Hartshorne ( 20th. cent ) The godly manner of being is a province of `necessary being # 8217 ; It is in rule a manner of being which can non be conceived as either coming into being or discontinuing to be It is cosmopolitan and omnitolerant in that it is present to and compatible with whatever else may go on to come to be or non come to be and which is its ain intrinsic land. 26 That `God is perfect # 8217 ; or `necessary being # 8217 ; is consistent with the theist definition of God. Sing a formal sense the statements seems rather sound but run into problem on the epistemic and semantic degree. The chief expostulations raised are: 1 ) Being is non a quality! 2 ) How does a definition of being relate to world? 3 ) God exists is non a axiomatic truth! Kant objects to the thought that `God is that in which being coincides with kernel # 8217 ; . Alternatively he holds that `existence is non a predicate like `perfect # 8217 ; hence can non be included in the construct of a perfect being # 8217 ; .27 The 2nd issue is raised by Evans and Teichman who believe that deducing the being of God from a definition of being is unconvincing.28 And thirdly, Aquinas insists that `knowledge of God is natural from the order of the universe # 8217 ; 29 Kant # 8217 ; s expostulation is difficult to reason against, one merely gets the `feeling # 8217 ; that being is a province of being, either in the head or concretely, and non an property, like flawlessness. Anslem tries to squelch the 2nd issue with the thought that: `there is being in the head and in world and since bing in the head is a less perfect sort of being than bing in world, so for God to merely be in the head would intend that we could concieve of a being greater than God ; one that existed in world every bit good and this being would be God. # 8217 ; 30 The 3rd issue is a affair of presuppositions. The Cosmological or First Cause Argument: This statement either assumes the cogency of the rule of causality or sufficient ground and entreaties to the beginning of the existence or merely entreaties to the former. The undermentioned two versions best illustrate this:31 1 ) Thomas Aquinas: ( 13th. cent ) `There is no instance known ( nor so is it possible ) in which a thing is found to be an efficent cause of itself, because in that instance it would be prior to itself, which is impossible. Now in efficent causes it is impossible to travel onto eternity. Now to take away the cause is to take away the consequence. Therefore, if there is no first cause, there will be no ultimate, nor any intermediate cause. Therefore it is necessary to acknowledge a first efficent cause, to which everyone gives the name God. # 8217 ; 32 2 ) Leibnitz: ( 17th. cent. ) Everything in the universe is contingent We can say that the whole existence has ever existed Therefore: The existence as a whole must hold a sufficent ground This sufficeint ground must be outside the existence This sufficent ground is God. These are both `a posteriori # 8217 ; statements since they move from the experience of the consequence to an `efficient cause # 8217 ; or `sufficient ground # 8217 ; ; something which has necessary existence.33 The `principle of sufficient ground # 8217 ; has raised a few jobs. At bosom it means that there must ever be a ground that suffices to explicate anything that is. The problem is that Leibniz reduces the rule of sufficient ground to the rule of contradiction therefore taking causal dealingss out of the kingdom of clip and infinite and into the kingdom of dealingss between concepts.34 Kant criticed this on the footing that it carries the rule of causality beyond the universe of sense experince where alone it is valid. 35 This is perchance why Aquinus can presume a first term ( continuance ) for every species while Leibniz does non. The impression of continuance raises the most expostulations. For illustration: `How do we cognize that there is non an infinite arrested development of causes ; a fortiori statements imply an infinite figure of causes? # 8217 ; Is God # 8217 ; s infinity non-temporal such that contingent things are dependent on a ego -existing cause? If God is a self-caused cause so how does a being which does non be conveying itself into being? Possibly it is the universe itself which exists of absolute necessity and is infinite in every sort of flawlessness? # 8217 ; For all of these counter-arguments there are plausible negations. With both statements there is an incompatibility with respects to the theist definition since at that place seems to be an disconnected spring with respects to the last point `to which everyone gives the name God # 8217 ; and `is God # 8217 ; yet there is no indicant of the `personal # 8217 ; God of the theist in the premises. Although there is a counterargument to this place one on the footing that `the cause must incorporate somehow in itself every flawlessness of being that is realised in the effect. # 8217 ; 36 Finally Hume may hold the last say since `How do we cognize that their is non more than one necessary being? 37 The Teleological Argument and the Argument signifier Design: Frequently a differentiation is made between the Design and teleological arguments38 both of which attempt to demonstate that an apprehension of the orderly character of the universe suggests an intelligent Godhead or Final Cause. The Deisgn statement can be illustrated as such: Saint thomass: ( 13th. cent. ) Non animate existences behave in orderly ways that produce the best consequences This ordliness and excellence indicates the presence of design The presence of a design indicates the presence of a designer.39 Paley: ( 19th. cent. ) : Nature shows beneficent order Beneficial intent in mechanical aparatus point to a designer.40 And the teleological: Swineburne: ( 20th. cent ) Orderly design in the existence is logically possible to be simply the merchandise of opportunity but improbable It is more likely that the universe is the merchandise of an infinite theistic God.41 These statements all reflect empirical premises. They are consistent with the theist # 8217 ; s thought of a personal or intelligent Godhead who is perfect 42 and instills intending into the universe by His involvment yet don # 8217 ; t truly turn out if this Godhead is self-sufficing or issues needfully. The analogical statement of Paley and the probabilty statement of Swineburne besides tell against any accustation that good order could be merely unsighted opportunity. They do this by the sheer weight of Numberss ; greater logical possiblity 43 and analogy to the legion illustrations in nature. Yet the main critic of the design statement, David Hume, raises other expostulations which need to be mentioned and answered. For illustration: `Other analogies from nature, like a works from a seed, seem to reflect an immanent system. # 8217 ; Yes! But what about the design component in DNA? Besides, `Since we have no analogies to reflect the entirety of creative activity so how do we cognize that design is reflected in the existence as a whole, we could merely be imaging design? # 8217 ; As above, the reply to this and to induction as a whole procedure is fundamentally `science puts faith in analogies without all the empirical grounds so why can # 8217 ; t the theist? # 8217 ; Decision: Natural theologcians or theists put away many bad statements which make claims to turn out God # 8217 ; s being. Yet the three presented in this essay best represent the history of `western mans # 8217 ; rational contemplation about God since the clip of Plato and Aristotle and whether they remain as the pivots about which to pull other theories and thiesm from either in understanding or a reactionist manner remains to be seen. All of them in some regard fail to come up Bibliography: Aquinas.Thomas. , ` Whether the Existence of God is Axiomatic? , Summa Theologica. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.knight.org/advent/summa.htm ) Aquinas.Thomas. , ` Whether God Exists? , Summa Theologica. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.knight.org/advent/summa.htm ) Britannica Search. , God # 8217 ; s Existence. ( http: //www-lj.eb.com.85/eb.html ) Darwin.F. , Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. ( 2 vol. New York: Basic, 1959 ) Evans. K.C. , J. Teichman. , Philosophy: A Beginners Guide. ( Oxford: Blackwell, 1991 ) Harrison. P. , Scientific Pantheism. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //members.sol.com/Heraklit/cause.htm ) McInerny. R. , Why the Burden of Proof is on the Atheist. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth11.htm1 ) McInerny. R. , On Faith and Belief. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth10.htm1 ) Mizrach. S. , Talking Pomo: An Analysis of the Postmodern Movement. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.clas.ufl.edu/anthro/noetics/pomo.html ) Morton. A. , Philosophy in Practice. ( Oxford: Blackwell, 1996 ) Natural Theology. , ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm ) Pailin. D.A. , Groundwork of Philosophy of Religion. ( London: Epworth, 1986 ) Plantinga.A. , `Rationality and Religious Belief # 8217 ; , The Experince of Philosophy. ( explosive detection systems. D. Kolak. A ; D. , R. Martin. , California: Wadsworth, 1990 ) Russell. B. , History of Western Philosophy. ( London: George Allen A ; Urwin, 1946 ) Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God. , ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leaderu.com/real/ri9403/evidence.htm/ ) Johnson. D. , Sufficient Reason. , ( hypertext transfer protocol: www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/kant/psr.htm ) Taylor. A.E. , Aristotle. ( New York: Capital of delaware, 1955 ) The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. , Anselm of Canterbury. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anselm.htm ) The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. , Aristotle. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm ) Turner.W. , `The Philosophy of Kant # 8217 ; , New Advent Catholic Website ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.knight.org/advent.htm1 ) Versey. G. , P. Foulkes. , Dictionary of Philosophy. ( London: HarperCollins, 1990 ) Western Philosophical Concepts of God. , ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/god.htm ) What is Logic. , ( hypertext transfer protocol: //mcu.edu/library/logs/log3_8_96.htm1 )

Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Equity

Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Equity Designing a classroom learning environment where all students are being attended to (even the ones who may not seem to be engaged) may seem like an impossible task when you are in a classroom of twenty elementary students. Luckily, there are a host of teaching strategies that foster this type of learning environment. Sometimes these strategies are referred to as equitable teaching strategies or teaching so that all students are given an equal opportunity to learn and thrive. This is where teachers teach to all students, not just the ones that seem to be engaged in the lesson.​ Often times, teachers think they have designed this wonderful lesson where all students will be willfully engaged and motivated to participate, however, in actuality, there may only be a few students who are engaged in the lesson. When this happens, teachers must strive to structure their students learning environment by providing a place that maximizes fairness and allows all students to equally participate and feel welcomed in their classroom community. Here are a few specific teaching strategies that elementary teachers can use to promote student engagement and foster classroom equity. The Whip Around Strategy The Whip Around strategy is simple, the teacher poses a question to his/her students and gives every student the opportunity to have a voice and answer the question. The whip technique serves as an important part of the learning process because it shows all students that their opinion is valued and should be heard. The mechanics of the whip are simple, each student gets about 30 seconds to respond to the question and there is no right or wrong answer. The teacher whips around the classroom and gives each student the chance to voice their thoughts on the given topic. During the whip, students are encouraged to use their own words to describe their opinion on the set topic. Often times students may share the same opinion as their classmates but when put into their own words, may find out their ideas are actually a little different than they first thought.   Whips are a useful classroom tool because all students have an equal opportunity to share their thoughts while actively being engaged in the lesson. Small Group Work Many teachers have found integrating small group work to be an effective way for students to equally share their thoughts while staying engaged in the lesson. When educators structure opportunities that require students to work together with their peers, they are giving their students the best possible chance for an equal learning environment. When students are placed in a small group of 5 or fewer individuals, they have the potential to bring their expertise and thoughts to the table in a low-key atmosphere. Many educators have found the Jigsaw technique to be an effective teaching strategy when working in small groups. This strategy allows students to support one another in order to complete their task. This small group interaction allows all students to collaborate and feel included. Varied Approaches As we all know now after must research, all children do not learn the same or in the same way. This means that in order to reach all children, teachers must use a variety of approaches and techniques. The best way to teach equitably to a large number of students is to use multiple strategies. This means that the old singular teaching approach is out the door and you must use a variety of materials and strategies if you want to meet all learners needs. The easiest way to do this is to differentiate learning. This means taking the information that you know about the way each individual student learns and using that information to provide students with the best possible lesson. Studies have shown that using different strategies and techniques to reach different learners is the best possible way that teachers can cultivate a classroom of equity and engagement. Effective Questioning Questioning has been found to be an effective strategy to promote equity and make sure all students are actively being engaged. Using open-ended questions is an inviting way to reach all learners. While open-ended questions require some time to develop on the teachers part, it is well worth it in the long run when teachers see all students actively and equally being able to participate in classroom discussions. An effective approach when using this strategy is to give students time to think about their answer as well as to sit and listen to them without any interruptions. If you find that students have a weak answer, then pose a follow-up question and continue to question students until you are sure they have understood the concept. Random Calling When a teacher poses a question for his/her students to answer, and the same children constantly raise their hands, how are all students supposed to have an equal chance at learning? If the teacher establishes a classroom environment in a non-threatening way where students can be chosen to answer a question at any time, then the teacher has created a classroom of equality. The key to the success of this strategy is to make sure that students do not feel pressure or threatened to answer in any way, shape or form. One way that effective teachers use this strategy is to use craft sticks to call upon random students. The best way to do this is to write down each students name on a stick and place them all into a clear cup. When you want to ask a question you simply pick out 2-3 names and ask those students to share. The reason you choose more than one student is to minimize the suspicion that the only reason the student is being called upon is that they were misbehaving or not paying attention in class. When you have to call upon more than one student it will ease all students anxiety level. Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning strategies are perhaps one of the simplest ways teachers can effectively keep their students engaged while promoting equity in the classroom. The reason being is it gives students the opportunity to share their thoughts in a small group format in a non-threatening, non-biased way. Strategies like think-pair-share where students each take a specific role in order to complete a task for their group and round robin where students can equally share their opinion and listen to the opinion of others gives students the perfect opportunity to share their thoughts and listen to the opinions of others. By integrating these types of cooperative and collaborative group activities into your daily lessons, you are promoting participation in a collaborative versus a competitive way. Students will take notice which will help turn your classroom into one that cultivates equality. Enforce a Supportive Classroom One way teachers can cultivate a classroom of equality is to establish a few norms. A simple way to do this is to verbally address the students at the beginning of the school year and let them know what you believe in. For example, you can say All students are treated with respect and When sharing ideas in class you will be treated with respect and will not be judged. When you establish these acceptable behaviors students will understand what is acceptable in your classroom and what is not. By enforcing a supportive classroom where all students feel free to speak their mind without feeling or being judged you will create a classroom where students feel welcomed and respected.

What Is Science Olympiad A Complete Guide to Winning

What Is Science Olympiad A Complete Guide to Winning SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you interested in joining your school’s Science Olympiad team or are already a member and want to learn how to become a better competitor? This is the guide for you! I was on Science Olympiad for six years in middle school and high school. Four of those years my team went to Nationals, and I eventually became team captain and placed first in the nation in one of my events, so I know all the ins and outs of this competition.I’ll go over everything you need to know about what Science Olympiad is, what team members do, how competitions work, and howyou can be a standout competitor. What Is Science Olympiad? Science Olympiad is a team competition activity for middle school (referred to by Science Olympiad as Division B) and high school (referred to as Division C) students. This guide will focus primarily on high school Science Olympiad teamsalthough most of this information is true for both Division B and C. There are currently over7,000 Science Olympiad teams across the country.A school’s team has up to 15 members who will compete at Regional, State, and National competitions. Teams can also have alternate members, although those members won’t compete except in special circumstances (learn more aboutalternatemembersin the next section). Division C has 23 different events that cover nearly every area of science, from earth science to cell biology to robotics and more. Each competition will have every event.Team members are usually assignedthree or fourevents (typically only experienced members will get fourevents).Most events have twopeople working on them, although for some events you are allowed to have threemembers on the event. Science Olympiad team members often meet throughout the entire academic year. A team is usually assembled in the fall and competitions are held in the spring.If more than 15 people at a school want to join Science Olympiad, theschool will often hold tryouts, similar to sports teams. Candidates will typicallytake science tests and the 15 students who score the highest will make the team. Read on to learn what members do once they join the team. What Do Members of Science Olympiad Do? Science Olympiad members spend most of their time preparing for their events. You will have to meet regularly for each of your 3-4 events to do well in competitions.Each event will have its own meeting time when you will work with your teammate(s) for that event as well as the event coach (usually a teacher but can also be a parent or other adult who knows the subject).For example, you could meet for your Forensics event Mondays after school, Experimental Design Thursdays after school, and Wright Stuff on Saturday afternoons. Each school creates a different meeting schedule, but many schools, particularly if they have a history of performing well or are trying to strengthen their team, will have a meeting once a week for each event. This can make Science Olympiad a significant time commitment, similar to a sport, except that it often lasts most of the year. Alternate Team Members Alternates are often members who didn’t quite make the official team but are still allowed to attend meetings and help the team prepare. Many students are alternates for a year before they join the team, and that year of preparation can help them gain a lot of knowledge onScience Olympiad and specific events. An alternate will only officially compete if a team member drops out or can’t make it to a specific competition.However, some competitions have special events that are only open to alternate team members. These events don’t affect a team’s final rank or score, but theygive alternates a chance to become familiar with competitions and see how they compare to alternates from different schools.At some schools, alternates help with all events while at other schools they only focus on a few events, similar to team members. Science Olympiad Events As mentioned above, Division C has 23 different events, which you can view here. You can click on each event to get more information about it.At most schools, each team member will make a list of the top events they’d like to have, and the head coach will assign events. Members who have been on the team longer usually get first pick, and most members keep all or most of their events the same from year to year. The events are organized broadly by topic, such as life science, technology, and chemistry.This is useful if you are looking to sign up for events that match your specific interest. For example, if you are interested in biology, you may want to join the Cell Biology, Anatomy and Physiology, and/or Invasive Species events. However, there is another important distinction to be aware of. Most events can be sorted into one of two categories: study events and building events. These aren’t official terms, but a lot of schools use them, and they can be very helpful when you are trying to figure out which events to participate in. Study events are somewhat similar to preparing for a school science class. As the name suggests, they involve a lot of studying books and articles in order to prepare, and competitions often involve completing a written test.Some study events include Anatomy and Physiology, Dynamic Planet, and Astronomy. Building events, on the other hand, are more hands-on and require participants to spend more time creating something than book studying. The creation can be a glider, protein model, or something else. For some building events, students spend the entire year creating whatever it is they need for the event, while for other events you are required to do the building from start to finish at the competition.Some building events include Wright Stuff, Bridge Building, and Protein Modeling. Both categories can be interesting and teach you a lot. To learn more about how to choose the best events for you, scroll down to the section â€Å"How Can You Excel at Science Olympiad?† How Do Science Olympiad Competitions Work? Competitions are the main purpose of Science Olympiad; they are why you’re doing all that studying and preparation! Competitions are often held on college campuses, and the whole team (along with coaches) will travel to them to participate. Smaller competitions, such as Invitationals and Regionals, often last only a day, but State and National competitions usually take place over an entire weekend.Different events compete throughout the day; your team will be given a schedule several weeks ahead of time, so you know when your individual event competitions take place. For most events, members for that event from all schools will compete at the same time,although for some building events teams compete one at a time throughout the day.Your team will be assigned a homeroom, and when you’re not competing, you can prepare for your other events, relax, or meet people from other schools. Award ceremonies are held at the end of the day on the last day of competition. Medals are awarded tothe top teams in each event, and all-around awards are also given to the schools that had the highest scores when all event scores are combined. Reminder: teams advance to different competition levels together. That means that, even if you get first place in all your Regional events, you will not advance to State unless your team did well enough overall to advance. There are four levels of Science Olympiad competitions, and Iexplain each in more depth below. Invitationals The purpose of an Invitational competition is to help teams get more preparation; the results don’t affect future competitions or how far your team will advance.A high school will often organize an Invitational and invite other nearby schools to compete. They will be very similar to actual competitions. Invitationals are a great way for you and your team to get more competition experience and see how well you are doing compared to other teams. If you are on a team that is new or would like to improve its competition results, talk to the teacher in charge of Science Olympiad and suggest the team attend an invitational or host their own.Unlike other competition levels, a school can compete in multiple Invitationals during the year. Invitationals are held before the actual competitions, often in the late fall or early winter. Regionals Regional competitions are organized by state. The number of Regional competitions a state has is determined by both how large the state is and how many Science Olympiad teams the state has. Some states have tworegional competitions, while others can have a dozen or more. (Some states with very fewteams don’t have Regionals. Instead, participants go directly to the State competition.) The top schools advance to the State competition. The number of schools that advance varies by each competition. Some send the top two schools; others can send six or more teams to State. Regionals are typicallyheld in February or March. State Each state will have one State competition. The caliber of the teams is often significantly higher than it was at Regionals, so be prepared for that.The top 1-2 teams will advance to Nationals, out of often 20 or more teams competing. State competitions aretypically held in early-mid April. Nationals This is the highest level of competition. If you and your team have made it this far, congratulations!The National competition takes place at a different college campus each year, so you may have to miss a few days of school so your team can travel there and back. Nationals can be a lot of fun because you get to explore a college campus, meet people from all over the country, and there is no pressure like there is at State to advance to the next round. Nationals are usuallyheld in May, and the awards ceremony often has a prominent scientist as the keynote speaker. What Are the Benefits of Science Olympiad? Now that you know the basics of Science Olympiad, why should you consider joining it? Read on to learn about some of the top reasons to participate. Benefit #1: You Can Get Advanced Scientific Knowledge As a member of Science Olympiad, you can get very advanced scientific knowledge in certain subjects.Team members often use college-level textbooks and other learning materials in order to become experts on the subjects their events cover. When I was in Science Olympiad, one of my events was Dynamic Planet, which focuses on a different earth science topic each year. My first year the topic was glaciers, and by the end of the year, my partner and I had studied so much that we knew more about glaciers than probably anyone except people who studied them for a living.Gaining such advanced knowledge in a particular area of science can give you a huge head start if you plan on studying that subject in college. Even if your events don’t directly relate to your career goals (I did not become a glaciologist), the practice you get at studying a subject at a high level will help you when you enroll in college and have more rigorous classes. I know I felt much more prepared than many of my peers when I first enrolled in college science classes because I had a lot of practice in studying, researching, and understanding complex scientific ideas. If you prepare enough foryour Science Olympiad events, you could end up as smart as this guy. Benefit #2: You Can GainResearch and Writing Skills Another potential benefit of Science Olympiad is that, by preparing for your events, you can greatly improve your writing and research skills.Almost every event requires some research, and the study events especially will give you great practice in researching scientific topics.Some of the events that require the most writing include Write It Do It and Experimental Design. Even if you don’t end up studying science in college, research and writing skills are two of the most important skills you can have if you want to do well in school. You’ll likely end up using them no matter what subject you major in, and if you’ve already developed these skills in Science Olympiad, you’ll be that much more prepared compared to your classmates. I personally believe that Experimental Design is one of the most usefulevents to do. Although I initially didn’t think its description sounded very interesting, I was placed in Experimental Design my first year in Science Olympiad and ended up competing in it all six years. In Experimental Design you quickly design, conduct, and write up a small scientific experiment. My two partners and I did a practice experiment almost weekly, and after six years of this, I felt like I could design a scientific experiment in my sleep. This was a huge advantage when I started college and took scientific lab classes. While my peers struggled to understand how to set up an experiment and write up the results, I already had years of practice. If you plan on doing any sort of research in the future, I’d highly recommend this event. Benefit #3: It's Impressive to Include on Your College Applications Colleges like to see applicants with extracurricular activities, and Science Olympiad can be a great one to include. First, as mentioned above, participating in Science Olympiad will give you the opportunity to learn about multiple areas of science and developresearch and writing skills. If you’re planning on majoring in science, this will be an even bigger bonus because participating in Science Olympiad willshow schools that you’re interestedenough inscienceto want to learn more about it outside of class.Colleges want to admit students who are passionate about the subjects they plan on studying and majoring in. If you do well, you may also get awards, which you can include on your applications.There are many opportunities for awards at each competition level, and receiving an award further shows colleges that you’re knowledgeable about science and can apply yourself in your extracurriculars. Finally, Science Olympiad also requires a lot of teamwork. You will use teamwork all the time, as you and your partners work out the best ways to do well in events. Because college also requires a lot of teamwork and team players often get along with their peers better, colleges like to see applicants who can show they have experience with teamwork and working well with others. Benefit #4: There's a Chance to Win Scholarships If you and your team are Science Olympiad standouts, there is a chance for you to win (sometimes very large) college scholarships.Sometimes at State competitions but often at Nationals, students who place top in their event will be awarded a college scholarship. These scholarships are often specifically for the school that is hosting the event (so if the National competition is at the University of Illinois, the scholarship will often only be usable if you attend the University of Illinois); however, some can be used at any college or university. Especially in Division C, these scholarships can be very generous. At many National competitions, the hosting school will offer students who place first in one of their events a sizable scholarship, and some even offer free tuition for all four years. This can save you tens of thousands of dollars and reduce your college costs dramatically. Doing well in Science Olympiad can winyou a lot of money for college. What Are the Drawbacks toScience Olympiad? In spite of its benefits, there are also potential drawbacks to Science Olympiad. The first is that Science Olympiad can be a significant time commitment. Many teams have their members meet several times a week throughout the majority of the school year, and you will also have to spend several of your weekends at competitions. This can be challenging to do if you are already trying to find time for other activities. A second potential drawback is that Science Olympiad may not be particularly enjoyable if you aren't interested in science. While some events focus more on other subjects like math and engineering, it's likely that at least one of your events will have a heavy science focus. If you don't like science, this could make it very boring to prepare for your events. Third, it's quite difficult and rare to win scholarships at Science Olympiad. Out of the tens of thousands of students who compete, only a handful will end up winning scholarships. This drawback is true for many activities, but it's important to keep in mind if one of the main reasons you're joining Science Olympiad is in the hope of winning some money for college. How Can You Excel at Science Olympiad? Science Olympiad is a team event, and how far you advance in competitions will depend not only on you but also your teammates and coaches. While you can’t control what they do, you can take it upon yourself to excel at your events. This can help you win awards at competitions and motivate your teammates to give their best effort as well. Follow the below tips to become a great Science Olympiad competitor. Tip #1:Choose Events That Play to Your Strengths Picking your events wisely is key to how well you do in Science Olympiad and how much you enjoy it.While you may not have complete control over which events you do, especially for your first year on the team, you usually can submit your top choices for consideration.There are two major things to think about when choosing events: 1. Which areas of science do you enjoy the most or want to learn more about? As mentioned above, Science Olympiad events cover many areas, so you have some choice over what topics you’d like to focus on. If you’re planning on being pre-med, maybe you want to do the Cell Biology and Anatomy Physiology events. If you’ve always been interesting in engineering and aviation, Wright Stuff may be a great event for you. 2. Would you prefer study events, building events, or a combination of both? Preparing for a study event can be very different from preparing for a building event.Study events often include more reading and writing, and the amount of time you have to spend on them remains relatively consistent throughout the year.Building events are more hands-on and may require you to spend a lot of time on them (say an entire weekend) in order to get something right, and then not much time for a few weeks after that. Think about which types of events you’d prefer and be best at. Students who want to continue to study a particular subject in college and prefer a consistent practice schedule may prefer study events, while those who prefer to be more active and don’t mind spending time tinkering to get the project exactly right may do better with building events. It’s also very common for students to do a mixture of both events. I mostly did study events, but when I took on a fourth event I chose a building event, and I really enjoyed the change of pace.Also, don’t worry if you don’t get your top events right away. My first year on the team I didn’t get a single event I requested, and I still managed to enjoy myself and do well. Tip #2: Be Prepared to Put in the Time You can be certain that the teams that do best at Regionals and State and move on to Nationals meet about once a week for each of their events.Even if you’re getting great grades in your science classes, you likely won’t do well in Science Olympiad if you don’t study specifically for your events, since most events ask questions on specializedtopics or require you to use specific skills. Doing well in your events requires regular meetings for each of your events, and you should be prepared to set aside this time when you join.Set up regular meeting times with your partners and coaches soon after you know which events you have. It may seem like Regionals is a long way away at the beginning of the school year, but starting your preparation early will help you feel more confident and reduce the need to cram right before competitions. If you want to be a stand-out competitor, be prepared to put in enough preparation time before competitions. Tip #3: Be Ready on Competition Day Competitions are when you get to show off all your hard work. Here are some tips to make sure these daysgo smoothly: Know exactly where and when each of your event competitions are. Get there early so you can set up your materials and be calm and ready when the timer starts. Make sure you bring along all the recommended and required materials for each event (there is usually a list given out before competitions that lets you know what to bring for each event). If you feel like something was scored incorrectly (and this does happen occasionally), tell your coach and have them talk to one of the supervisors immediately. The sooner this happens (ideally before the awards ceremony), the better chance you have of it being resolved in your favor. Conclusion Science Olympiad is a great extracurricular for students who enjoy science, math, orengineering. Participating in it can help you gain in-depth scientific knowledge as well as other skills that will be useful in college. Science Olympiad competitions are a way to meet new people and show your knowledge and skills. As long as you choose your events wisely, prepare for your event throughout the year, and are ready on competition day, you have an excellent shot at doing well in your events and possibly winning awards and scholarships. Good luck! What's Next? Do you love science? Check out our guide to learn which science classes you should take in high school. Thinking about other science-related activities to participate in? Check out our complete guide to competing in science fair. Want to learn about other impressive extracurricular activities? Read our guide to seefour examples of outstanding extracurriculars that are sure to impress colleges. 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International Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Financial Markets - Essay Example They lend such surplus fund to the borrowers like households, businesses, governments who want to finance their personal expenditures like purchase of houses, cars and furniture. This kind of flow of funds form the lenders to the borrowers follows two ways known as direct finance and indirect finance. In the former concept the borrowers have access to the finance from the lenders directly. They do this by selling their fiscal tools which represent a claim on the potential proceeds and assets of the borrower. Financial instruments are assets for individuals who buy them and are liabilities for individuals who sell them. Through this process of buying and selling of securities the flow of money is occurs in the economy which is very vital for the economy. Hence financial markets are the medium through which such transactions happen. The financial markets comprises of equity market, debt market, derivative market and foreign exchange market. Each of this market acts as the medium of flo w of fund in the economy. This report will analyse the importance of the financial markets and the role which they play in the development of international trade and economic development. Discussion Financial System Structure The financial system of an economy comprises of three components Financial markets Financial institutions Financial regulators Each of the above components has a specific role in the economy. The financial institutions are important players in the financial markets since they perform the role of an intermediary and hence they determine the flow of funds. The financial regulator’s role is to monitor and regulate the participants of the monetary system. At the heart of this is the fiscal market. It facilitates in the flow of funds in the economy (Cho, 1989, pp. 88-92). Figure 1: Structure of Financial System The financial institutions use financial instruments to regulate the flow of funds in the economy. Financial assets or financial instruments are intan gible assets that are expected to provide future benefits to the owner of the instrument in the form of future cash. Some financial instruments are known as securities which include bonds and stocks (Fry and Maxwell, 1995, p. 282). Financial markets and their economic importance Financial market is a place where there is exchange or trading of financial instruments. The major economic functions of the financial markets are Liquidity Price discovery Reduction of transaction costs. Liquidity The financial markets provide an opportunity to the investors to sell their financial instruments. Liquidity means the ability of an investor to sell an asset in the market at its fair market value anytime he wants. Without this liquidity, an investor had to hold on to the financial instrument till the conditions arise to sell it or the issuer of the asset is contractually obligated to clear the obligation (Stiglitz, 1989, pp. 55-61). The liquidity of an equity instrument is until the company is l iquidated voluntarily or involuntarily. For a debt instrument liquidity comes when it matures. All international financial markets provide some liquidity to the investors though they have different degrees of liquidity associated with it (King, Robert and Ross, 1993, pp. 717-723). Price discovery It denotes to the determination of the price of a traded asset in a financial market by means of transactions between

FedEx Strategy at the Business, Corporate, and Network Levels Term Paper

FedEx Strategy at the Business, Corporate, and Network Levels - Term Paper Example Federal Express' clients ranged from large scale business to individual customers that required a wide range of services. As such, Federal Express needed to find a way to meet the needs of the various groups of customers that it provided services to. By streamlining its operations and by integrating its various systems, the company was able to develop a customer logistics management segment of its business to cater especially to its large-scale business clients that required such service (Conley et al, 2000). This included providing warehousing and distribution services that cut the costs for its business customers. Such strategy demonstrates the company's way of dealing with the paradox of market adaptation and resource leveraging. Having identified the needs of its clientele, FedEx used the extensive resource base it had in order to meet these needs. Since the company had established a logistics infrastructure, it merely put to good use the resources it already had. Federal Express understood the value of information for all its clients. As such, it continuously searched for various ways to improve the transfer of information between itself and its customers. Even before the FedEx website was launched in 1994, the company had already developed a number of computer programs and systems that allowed customers to acquire the information they needed regarding shipments including ordering and tracking. This is another demonstration of the company's ability to use its resources in order to adapt to the demands in the market. Since the demand was for better information sources, FedEx used its IT expertise in order to come up with a system that meets such needs.The acquisition became the strategy to better meet the needs of Federal Express Customers. After officially acquiring Parts Bank in 1988, FedEx, later on, acquired Caliber Systems in 1998. This enabled FedEx to create a corporation which had the ability to meet most, if not all, of the logistics and transportation needs of companies. Furthermore, FedEx underwent a process of reorganization wherein certain subsidiaries were combined.

Thermoset plastic Essay Example for Free

Thermoset plastic Essay In this project I will design an apparatus which will hold a test-tube, basically as a showpiece. Even though test tubes are usually used to hold variables in science, I will be using it as a flower holder. My new boss at the company has asked me to make a flower vase, and has decided that the newest item in the store will be a test-tube flower vase. He has asked me that it has to be commercially viable, which will totally depend on my target audience. My main target audience in this project is the general female adult, because it would be the best area to sell a flower vase. This is because showpieces in stores are mostly bought by the female adult who wants to make a place look good by its presence. Im choosing this audience because they are the ones that most commonly use vases, and it is the place where I can make the most money. In order to do this, I will go through a whole process which is in this project. I will start of with researching existing examples, researching materials and I will go on to survey a group of people and I will go on to use the results in order to plan my design. I will go on to create my design and then I will evaluate my whole project. Overall, I will follow the design cycle in this project to create my flower vase. The tools and materials that I will use will all come from the DT lab. Materials Research In this project there are three main materials that we have the option to use, these being wood, metal and plastic. Below is some detailed information on all these types of materials: Wood: Wood is a main source of creativity, because it can be shaped and even manipulated in some cases. It is a primary way of creating apparatus/tools because it used to be abundant. Nowadays, there is a threat of it becoming rare, but because it is already such a used material it is not something that is hard to stop, especially because of the reason that the universal population will never decrease over a period of time. There are three main types of wood, namely hard wood, soft wood and man made wood. All types of wood must be seasoned before they are used, meaning that the moisture must be removed so that it is a solid. Soft Wood: Soft wood mainly comes from evergreen or conifer trees (right). They also come from trees like pine, cedar, fir, hemlock, spruce, yew and redwood. Softwoods are mainly softer than hardwoods; however there are some exceptions i. e. yews are much harder than hardwoods. Softwoods are categorized differently from hardwoods because of their different microscopic structures. There are two main elements that form the structure of softwood, namely tracheids and parenchyma. Uses: It is the main wood source used by man, because of the variety of uses it has. Softwood is the main material construction of buildings, in furniture, in windows, in mouldings, in doors and a lot of other millworks. Also, it is used for the production of paper and is turned into man-made wood i. e. MDF. Hard Wood: Hard wood trees on the other hand, mainly come from deciduous trees (right) . However, there is a group of hardwood trees that arent deciduous, known as angiosperm trees. Conducted experiments show that hardwoods are higher in density than soft woods but it has to be kept in mind that there are some examples of both groups that considerably overlap, i.  e. hardwood Balsa is softer than regular softwoods, and yew is in the opposite direction. Hardwoods can be differentiated from softwoods because of the following Characteristics. They have broader leaves   The contain enclosed nuts/seeds i. e. acorns Compared to softwood, hardwoods have a much more varied existence of species, almost a hundred times more. This also means that hardwood is used a lot more than softwood, especially in exterior work. It is also used to make day-to-day utensils, as flooring, for constructing buildings, for furniture and a variety of different things. Man-made wood: There are three main types of man-made wood, MDF, maisonette and plywood. MDF boards are known as Medium-density fibreboards. It is made by first breaking down softwood to wood fibres, and then two substances called wax and resin are combined with it. This is then used to form panels by applying on it pressure and high temperature. It is a material mainly made up of sawdust. Plywood, another example of man-made wood is created from thin sheets of wood veneers. Each of these sheets are then stacked together in a method called cross-banding. Again, they are bonded under heat and huge amounts of pressure. One of the reasons why plywood is favoured over plain wood is that it is resistant to warping, cracking, and shrinkage and is very firm. Maisonette wood is mostly used in the constructing of houses, which is why maisonette houses are existent today. Maisonette houses are basically houses connected to apartments (above right), which is where the maisonette wood is used. Metal: Metal is derived from the Greek word Metallon and is a readily formed element with positive ions which make up metallic bonds. On the periodic table, a diagonal line from polonium to boron divides up the metal elements (left). Elements below the line are metals and elements above the line are non-metals. However, elements along the line are known as metalloids or semi-metals. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals: There are mainly two types of metal, known as ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal. The word ferrous is derived from the Latin word Ferrum which means containing iron. This shows that ferrous metals are the ones that contain iron whilst non-ferrous dont. This is a common way of dividing metal because it is the easiest way to decide which kind of metal you need, because the differences between these two groups are clear and obvious. Ferrous metals are the ones that usually rust, and they are the stronger and heavier. On the other hand, non-ferrous metals are the ones that dont rust because they dont contain iron, and are lighter and softer. Non-ferrous metals are those which are a mixture of metals (known as alloys) and do not have iron. Examples of them would be copper, aluminium and brass. Brass is an example of an alloy because it is a combination of copper and zinc. Examples of ferrous metals include: tin plate, cast iron and mild steel. Plastic: Plastics are a general group of apparatus that are created by the combination of oil, salt, air and water. Plastics are defined as a group of (natural) organic or synthesized materials that can be shaped when soft and later when they are hardened. The word plastic is derived from the word plasticity because of the fact that many of them malleable. In other words they are capable of being extended or shaped by the force of some kind of pressure. When applying plastic, there are two main types: thermo-set plastic and thermo plastic. Thermoplastic: Thermoplastics are characterized as being soft and pliable when heated. This means that it will melt when heated and it will turn into a glassy, brittle state (like that of ice) when cooled down sufficiently. Thermoplastic heat can easily be shaped by heat. This kind of plastic is usually used for packages, especially ones like PBS, polyethylene, polystyrene and acrylic (right). Thermoset plastics: Thermoset plastics on the other hand, are the complete opposite. They are stronger, much harder and heat resistant. They cannot be shaped with the use of heat, but at the same time they are very brittle pieces of apparatus. These kinds of plastics are usually in the form of a liquid or powder before being designed and moulded. Compared to thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics are harder and are best suited to higher temperatures. Like thermoplastics, thermoset plastics cannot be recycled by re-melting or remoulding the plastics. Examples of thermoset plastic include: polyester sine, poxy resin and melamine (right).